M87*の1年後： 永続的なブラックホールの影を証明(M87* One Year Later: Proof of a Persistent Black Hole Shadow)

2024-01-18 ジョージア工科大学

This press release is shared jointly with the Event Horizon Telescope newsroom.

＜関連情報＞

• https://research.gatech.edu/m87-one-year-later-proof-persistent-black-hole-shadow
• https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/01/aa47932-23/aa47932-23.html

超大質量ブラックホールM 87の執拗な影 The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87

Kazunori Akiyama^,,Antxon Alberdi, Walter Alef, Juan Carlos Algaba, Richard Anantua^,,Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay^,,Uwe Bach, Anne-Kathrin Baczko^,David Ball, Mislav Baloković, Bidisha Bandyopadhyay, John Barrett, Michi Bauböck, Bradford A. Benson^,Dan Bintley^,Lindy Blackburn^,Raymond Blundell, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower^,Hope Boyce^,Michael Bremer, Roger Brissenden^,Silke Britzen, Avery E. Broderick^,,Dominique Broguiere, Thomas Bronzwaer, Sandra Bustamante, John E. Carlstrom^,,,Andrew Chael, Chi-kwan Chan^,,Dominic O. Chang^,Koushik Chatterjee^,Shami Chatterjee, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Chen (陈永军)^,Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho^,,Pierre Christian, Nicholas S. Conroy^,John E. Conway, Thomas M. Crawford^,Geoffrey B. Crew, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio^,Yuzhu Cui (崔玉竹)^,,Rohan Dahale, Jordy Davelaar^,,Mariafelicia De Laurentis^,Roger Deane^,,Jessica Dempsey^,,Gregory Desvignes^,Jason Dexter, Vedant Dhruv, Indu K. Dihingia, Sheperd S. Doeleman^,Sergio A. Dzib^,Ralph P. Eatough^,Razieh Emami, Heino Falcke^,Joseph Farah^,Vincent L. Fish, Edward Fomalont, H. Alyson Ford, Marianna Foschi, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman^,Per Friberg^,Christian M. Fromm^,,Antonio Fuentes, Peter Galison^,,Charles F. Gammie^,,Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev^,,,Ciriaco Goddi^,,,Roman Gold, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz^,José L. Gómez, Minfeng Gu (顾敏峰)^,Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada^,Daryl Haggard^,Ronald Hesper, Dirk Heumann, Luis C. Ho (何子山)^,Paul Ho^,,Mareki Honma^,,Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Huang (黄磊)^,David H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda^,,,,⋆⋆, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri^,Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun^,⋆⋆⋆, David J. James^,Buell T. Jannuzi, Michael Janssen^,Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang (江悟), Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales, Michael D. Johnson^,Svetlana Jorstad, Adam C. Jones, Abhishek V. Joshi, Taehyun Jung^,Ramesh Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim^,Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kim, Motoki Kino^,Jun Yi Koay, Prashant Kocherlakota, Yutaro Kofuji^,Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama^,Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Kramer, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Cheng-Yu Kuo^,Noemi La Bella, Sang-Sung Lee, Aviad Levis, Zhiyuan Li (李志远)^,Rocco Lico^,Greg Lindahl, Michael Lindqvist, Mikhail Lisakov, Jun Liu (刘俊), Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo^,Andrei P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, Colin J. Lonsdale, Amy E. Lowitz, Ru-Sen Lu (路如森)^,,Nicholas R. MacDonald, Jirong Mao (毛基荣)^,,Nicola Marchili^,Sera Markoff^,Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, Iván Martí-Vidal^,Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, Karl M. Menten, Izumi Mizuno^,Yosuke Mizuno^,,Joshua Montgomery^,James M. Moran^,Kotaro Moriyama^,Monika Moscibrodzka, Wanga Mulaudzi, Cornelia Müller^,Hendrik Müller, Alejandro Mus^,Gibwa Musoke^,Ioannis Myserlis, Hiroshi Nagai^,Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura^,Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan^,Antonios Nathanail^,Santiago Navarro Fuentes, Joey Neilsen, Chunchong Ni^,,Michael A. Nowak, Junghwan Oh, Hiroki Okino^,Héctor Olivares, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo^,Georgios Filippos Paraschos, Jongho Park, Harriet Parsons^,Nimesh Patel, Ue-Li Pen^,,,,Dominic W. Pesce^,Vincent Piétu, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth^,Ben Prather, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu^,,Venkatessh Ramakrishnan^,,Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings^,,Alexander W. Raymond^,Luciano Rezzolla^,,Angelo Ricarte^,Bart Ripperda^,,,Freek Roelofs^,,Cristina Romero-Cañizales, Eduardo Ros, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, Alan L. Roy, Ignacio Ruiz, Chet Ruszczyk, Kazi L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles^,Miguel Sánchez-Portal, Mahito Sasada^,,Kaushik Satapathy, Tuomas Savolainen^,,F. Peter Schloerb, Jonathan Schonfeld, Karl-Friedrich Schuster, Lijing Shao^,Zhiqiang Shen (沈志强)^,Des Small, Bong Won Sohn^,,Jason SooHoo, León David Sosapanta Salas, Kamal Souccar, Joshua S. Stanway, He Sun (孙赫)^,Fumie Tazaki, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Paul Tiede^,Remo P. J. Tilanus^,,,Michael Titus, Kenji Toma^,Pablo Torne^,Teresa Toscano, Efthalia Traianou^,Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Matthew Turk, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde^,,Daniel R. van Rossum, Jesse Vos, Jan Wagner, Derek Ward-Thompson, John Wardle, Jasmin E. Washington, Jonathan Weintroub^,Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, Kaj Wiik, Gunther Witzel, Michael F. Wondrak^,George N. Wong^,Qingwen Wu (吴庆文), Nitika Yadlapalli, Paul Yamaguchi, Aristomenis Yfantis, Doosoo Yoon, André Young, Ziri Younsi^,Wei Yu (于威), Feng Yuan (袁峰)^,,Ye-Fei Yuan (袁业飞), J. Anton Zensus, Shuo Zhang, Guang-Yao Zhao^,Shan-Shan Zhao (赵杉杉), Alexander Allardi, Shu-Hao Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang^,Song-Chu Chang, Chung-Chen Chen, Ryan Chilson, Aaron Faber, David M. Gale, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Han, Yutaka Hasegawa, José Luis Hernández-Rebollar, Yau-De Huang, Homin Jiang, Hao Jinchi, Kimihiro Kimura, Derek Kubo, Chao-Te Li, Lupin C.-C. Lin^,Ching-Tang Liu^,Kuan-Yu Liu, Li-Ming Lu, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Zheng Meyer-Zhao^,Alfredo Montaña, Anthony Moraghan, Marcos Emir Moreno-Nolasco, Hiroaki Nishioka, Timothy J. Norton, George Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa, Peter Oshiro, Nicolas Pradel, Giacomo Principe^,,Philippe Raffin, Iván Rodríguez-Montoya^,Paul Shaw, William Snow, Tirupati Kumara Sridharan, Ranjani Srinivasan^,Ta-Shun Wei and Chen-Yu Yu
Astronomy & Astrophysics  Published:18 January 2024
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347932

Abstract

In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3_−3.1^+1.5 μ as. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30° relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5 × 10⁹ M_⊙. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.